Which method(s) are used to steer the aircraft on the ground?

• A. Rudder and differential braking only
• B. Nose wheel steering only
• C. Nose wheel steering, differential braking, rudder
• D. Nose wheel steering, differential thrust

Answer: (C)

Ground steering is achieved by combining three control inputs that create a yawing motion of the airplane while taxiing. The nose wheel steering is the primary method; deflecting the steerable nose gear directs the nose toward the desired path and makes small, precise turns as you taxi. When you need additional turning moment or the nose wheel steering is limited, differential braking on the left and right main landing gear creates a yaw by slowing one side more than the other, helping the aircraft pivot around the opposite wheel. The rudder pedals can also be used on the ground to yaw the aircraft, especially useful for crosswinds or when fine adjustments are needed, since the rudder deflection pushes the tail to one side and steers the nose accordingly.

Differential thrust is not typically used for ground steering in standard taxi operations because relying on engine power asymmetry is less precise, slower to respond, and can complicate throttle management. It may be possible in some abnormal situations, but it’s not a routine method for steering on the ground.